M. S. Ackerman and T. W. Malone, « Answer Garden : a tool for growing organisational memory, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Office Information Systems, pp.31-39, 1990.

L. J. Bannon and K. Schmidt, CSCW - Four Characters in Search of a Context, Studies in Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp.3-16, 1991.
DOI : 10.7146/dpb.v18i289.6667

A. Boder and C. Gutierrez, « Building an Evolving Knowledge-Base from, Collaborative Dialogue Technologies in Distance Education, pp.202-209, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-57899-1_17

T. De-jong, W. R. Van-joolingen, J. Swaak, K. Veemans, R. Limbach et al., Self-directed learning in simulation-based discovery environments, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.14, issue.3, pp.235-246, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2729.1998.143060.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190679

L. Dirckinck-holmfeld, « Project Pedagogy as a foundation for computer-supported collaborative learning IFIP Transactions A-61, Innovative Adult Learning with Innovative Technologies, pp.183-190, 1995.

D. Dockterman, Cooperative Learning & Technology, Coolidge Hill Road, vol.80, pp.2172-2817, 1994.

Y. Engeström, Learning by expanding, pp.Orieta-konsultit, 1987.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139814744

A. Fjuk and L. Dirckinck-holmfeld, « Problem Oriented Collaborative Distance Learning : Why so Difficult ?, Proceedings of the 19th Information systems Research seminar, 1996.

T. Hansen, L. Dirckinck-holmfeld, R. Lewis, and J. Rugelj, « Using telematics to support collaborative knowledge construction, Collaborative learning, cognitive and computational approaches

E. Heeren and R. Lewis, Selecting communication media for distributed communities, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.13, issue.2, pp.85-98, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2729.1997.00011.x

C. Hoyles, L. Healy, and S. Pozzi, Groupwork with Computers: an overview of findings, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.4, issue.1, pp.202-215, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0883-0355(89)90014-1

K. Illeris, Modkvalificeringens pëdagogik, 1981.

J. J. Jehng, The Psycho-Social Processes and Cognitive Effects of Peer-Based Collaborative Interactions With Computers, Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol.58, issue.4, pp.19-46, 1997.
DOI : 10.2190/YHGG-RVGP-E60X-N9N3

V. Kaptelinin, Activity theory, CHI '97 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems looking to the future, CHI '97, pp.103-112, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/1120212.1120321

K. Kuutti, « Activity Theory as a Potential Framework for Human-Computer Interaction Research, Context and consciousness : Activity theory and human computer interaction, pp.17-44, 1996.

R. Lewis, « Editorial : Professional learning », Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.11, issue.4, pp.193-195, 1995.

R. Lewis, « Editorial : Cooperation or collaboration », Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.12, issue.2, p.65, 1996.

R. Lewis, An Activity Theory framework to explore distributed communities, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.13, issue.4, pp.210-218, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2729.1997.00023.x

R. Lewis and . Management, Membership and management of a 'virtual' team: the perspectives of a research manager, R and D Management, vol.28, issue.1, pp.5-12, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9310.00076

R. Lewis and B. Collis, « Virtual mobility and distributed laboratories : Supporting collaborative research with knowledge technology, Innovative Adult Learning with Innovative Technologies, pp.163-173, 1995.

R. Lewis and C. Vizcarro, Collaboration between universities and enterprises in the Knowledge Age, The Virtual Campus, pp.115-128, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-387-35352-4_11

P. Light and M. Glachan, Facilitation of Individual Problem Solving through Peer Interaction, Educational Psychology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.217-225, 1985.
DOI : 10.1080/0144341850050305

S. Løth and J. Køhler, The conditions for challenging each other's understanding in CMC, Humanistic Informatics, Open Learning, 1995.

B. A. Nardi, « Studying context : A comparison of activity theory, situated action models , and distributed cognition », in Context and consciousness : Activity theory and human computer interaction, pp.69-102, 1996.

J. T. Mayes and I. Neilson, « Learning from other people's dialogues : questions about computer-based answers IFIP Transactions A-61, Innovative Adult Learning with Innovative Technologies, pp.31-47, 1995.

K. Miyhara and T. Okamoto, Collaborative information filtering in cooperative communities, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.80, issue.2, pp.100-109, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-3702(93)90034-9

J. Roshelle, Learning by Collaborating: Convergent Conceptual Change, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.1, issue.3, pp.235-276, 1992.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001435

S. Schrage, « Shared minds : The new technologies of collaboration, 1991.

D. L. Schwartz, The Emergence of Abstract Representations in Dyad Problem Solving, Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol.4, issue.3, pp.321-354, 1995.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327809jls0403_3

A. Tiberghien and E. De-vries, Relating characteristics of teaching situations to learner activities, Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol.13, issue.3, pp.163-174, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2729.1997.00018.x